Economic Participation of Cuban Emigrants in the Private Sector: Experiences During COVID-19

COVID-19 has been a challenge for the Cuban economy, which has been undergoing a reorganization process since 2011 with the aim of adopting a more flexible economic model. This article is an exploratory study on the participation of a group of Cuban emigres in the private sector. The research focuses its efforts on determining what changes have occurred in these businesses in the pandemic stage, and whether the condition of owner -emigrant has influenced ?or not? the development of economic activity. It is an exploratory study, which uses a semi-structured interview with 5 subjects who own their businesses. The results point to resilient behaviors in the midst of the crisis, although negative criteria prevail over the long-term repercussions for the private sector due to COVID-19.

RETURN EMIGRATION IN SPAIN IN THE TWENTIES OF THE XXI CENTURY

Return emigration is a new issue in recent years. There are few works that specifically address the issue of return policies for Spanish emigrants and the attraction of global talent in our country. And those that exist are recent. There are no conclusive data on the number of emigrants and returnees. However, the existing situation in our country and in Europe has generated concern about dealing with the phenomenon of the return of Spanish citizens and its treatment from the point of view of the social and labor rights involved. In the present work we intend to analyze and reflect on the situation of Spanish workers who emigrated and later decide to return. In the analysis carried out, special attention is paid to the current situation caused by the health crisis (COVID-19). The different Plans that have been approved by the Authorities for the "promotion and easy return" of those Spaniards who plan to return are also analyzed. Likewise, mention is made of the Plans of some Autonomous Communities. © 2022 Caceres Theological Institute - Universidad Francisco de Vitoria - Universidad de Extremadura. All Rights Reserved.

Hungarians in the United Kingdom: End of an era?

Emigration to the United Kingdom became a symbol of the post-2004 EU enlargement migration processes in Hungary, which were increasingly characterised by the long-term outmigration of highly educated, urban youth from the early 2010s. This paper seeks to answer how the structure and social composition of intra-EU migration of Hungarians - and especially towards the UK - changed in the last decade, and how the Brexit referendum and the COVID-19 pandemic affected those changes. In doing so, a longitudinal analysis of administrative data on emigration and return migration will be carried out. Outmigration in the 2010s reached its peak in the middle of the decade, first for the UK and later for other European destinations, then started to decline subsequently. In parallel with the growth of emigrant stocks, also the pool of potential returners increased, which made possible a consequent acceleration of return migration in the second half of the decade. As a result, however the UK has lost much of its attractiveness by today - in 2021 only 5% of Hungarian emigrants chose it as a destination - almost one in five (17%) of the returners resided previously in this country. In addition to the changes in the volume of emigration and return migration, mobility patterns had also changed significantly in the second half of the decade shifting towards circular and short-term mobility forms. Meanwhile, the demographic base of emigration had broadened, expanding to a wider range of age and occupational composition, with the increased importance of workers in the industrial and service sectors. Although this shift can be observed in all European destinations, the UK continues to be a receiving country of younger age groups of long-term migrants, with a higher proportion of professionals and service sector workers and those emigrating from urban areas. In addition to emigration trends, two major events in the second half of the decade had a significant impact on return migration to the UK. While the Brexit referendum has mostly stimulated the return migration of Hungarians who have been living abroad fora longer period of time and its impact can be said to be long-lasting, the Covid outbreak has caused a more temporary shift, mainly for short-term mobility, which seems to stabilise from 2021 onwards. However, the impact of the epidemic on the return migration of Hungarians living in the UK was much smaller than for those living in EU Member States, which is related to the occupational structure of Hungarians in England, the degree of integration and the low number of short-term, circular and seasonal mobility movements most affected by Covid.

Japanese Diaspora and the Narratives of Migrants ：The Case of Australia and Diasporic Literature

The overseas emigration of Japanese citizens has been on the rise in the last three decades, reaching at the level of 1.34 million in 2021 (MOFA 2022). While the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in its downturn, the number of Japanese citizens who obtained permanent residence overseas continued to increase, hitting a record high of 537,662 in 2021 (MOFA 2022). This article examines the factors behind this growing overseas emigration of Japanese citizens, particularly looking at its flows to Australia, which is now the second most popular destination for Japanese permanent residents. Based on the narratives of 62 research participants, this article will present the basic ideal types of Japanese emigrants and examine the themes that appeared prominently in their emigration decision-making, including the acquisition of global experience, work-life balance, gender inequality, aversion of disaster/environmental and long-term economic risks, and political concerns. It will also discuss the ways in which Japanese emigration and the diversifying experiences of Japanese citizens have impacted Japanese literature so far and how the growing presence of ‘global nomads' moving across multiple borders is likely to enrich the Japanese literature in the future by challenging the existing understanding of "Japaneseness” and the meaning of migration. © 2022, Global Institute for Japanese Studies, Korea University. All rights reserved.

Approaches to Occupational Mobility under the Conditions of the Current Economic Crisis

The objectives of economic development in the modern world demand new approaches in the study, analysis and research of social aspects, labour markets and local and regional economic development in the context of the new transformations, the multiple crises that humanity is going through today. For the labour market, the geographical approach opens up the lens of analysis, formulation of priorities and the development of new methodologies that will help us build new theories and policies of local and regional economic development, the development of a labour market through the prism of economic geography. This approach will allow us to analyse the migration processes of occupational mobility and to develop viable policies and measures to create new jobs and ensure sustainable, smart and inclusive economic growth.

Capture-Recapture Models with Heterogeneous Temporary Emigration

We propose a novel approach for modeling capture-recapture (CR) data on open populations that exhibit temporary emigration, while also accounting for individual heterogeneity to allow for differences in visit patterns and capture probabilities between individuals. Our modeling approach combines changepoint processes—fitted using an adaptive approach—for inferring individual visits, with Bayesian mixture modeling—fitted using a nonparametric approach—for identifying clusters of individuals with similar visit patterns or capture probabilities. The proposed method is extremely flexible as it can be applied to any CR dataset and is not reliant upon specialized sampling schemes, such as Pollock's robust design. We fit the new model to motivating data on salmon anglers collected annually at the Gaula river in Norway. Our results when analyzing data from the 2017, 2018, and 2019 seasons reveal two clusters of anglers—consistent across years—with substantially different visit patterns. Most anglers are allocated to the "occasional visitors” cluster, making infrequent and shorter visits with mean total length of stay at the river of around seven days, whereas there also exists a small cluster of "super visitors,” with regular and longer visits, with mean total length of stay of around 30 days in a season. Our estimate of the probability of catching salmon whilst at the river is more than three times higher than that obtained when using a model that does not account for temporary emigration, giving us a better understanding of the impact of fishing at the river. Finally, we discuss the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the angling population by modeling data from the 2020 season. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.

International politics of migration in times of 'crisis' and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic

A much-anticipated end of the COVID-19 pandemic is on the horizon. It is important to reflect on the ways in which the pandemic has impacted the international politics of migration and especially on the migration-security nexus, which is still little understood but affecting policies and population movements with future implications. How the pandemic has shaped tradeoffs between securitization of migration, health, and economic concerns in governing migration? What are the new trends emerging from the pandemic on the migration-security nexus? And how can we study these in the coming years? This Research Note features insights from scholars associated with the British International Studies Association's working group on the 'International Politics of Migration, Refugees and Diaspora'. They argue that the pandemic has exacerbated tendencies for migration control beyond reinforcing nation-state borders, namely through foregrounding 'riskification' of migration discourses and practices, adding to an earlier existing securitization of migration considered as a 'threat'. Digital controls at borders and beyond were ramped up, as were racial tropes and discrimination against migrants and mobile persons more generally. These trends deepen the restrictions on liberal freedoms during a period of global democratic backsliding, but also trigger a counter-movement where the visibility of migrants as 'key workers' and their deservingness in host societies has been enhanced, and diasporas became more connected to their countries of origin. This Research Note finds that enhanced controls, on the one side, and openings for visibility of migrants and transnational connectivity of diasporas, on the other, are worthy to study in the future as political trends per se. Yet, it would be also interesting to study them as interconnected in a dual movement of simultaneous restriction and inclusion, and in an interdependent world where the power of nation-states has been reasserted due to the pandemic, but migrant transnationalism has remained largely intact. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Migration Studies is the property of Oxford University Press / USA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Prevalence of tuberculosis, COVID-19, chronic conditions and vulnerabilities among migrants and refugees: An electronic survey

Objective: to analyze the prevalence of tuberculosis, coronavirus, chronic conditions and vulnerabilities among migrants and refugees in Brazil. Method: this is a cross-sectional study of the electronic survey type conducted with international migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Descriptive statistics was applied for the analysis, with calculation of position and dispersion measures. Regarding the categorical variables, relative and absolute frequencies were estimated. Results: the study participants were 553 migrants and refugees, verifying 3.07%, 7.2% and 27.3% prevalence of tuberculosis, COVID-19 and chronic conditions, respectively. Among the vulnerabilities, 32% reported unemployment, 37.6% moved to Brazil as a result of the social situation in their countries and 33.6% were living as refugees or sheltered people. Conclusion: tuberculosis, chronic diseases and COVID-19 presented higher prevalence values in migrants and refugees than in the general population. As this is a population group that still has significant difficulty accessing health services and social protection systems, based on diverse evidence, the study will subsidize public policies, Nursing care and the incorporation of new routines in the service. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

The Coronavirus pandemic and immigrant communities: A crisis that demands more of the social work profession

As the coronavirus pandemic has taken over matters of life and death globally, immigrant communities were some of the most deeply impacted. In the United States (U.S.), Latinx immigrants and other minorities have experienced greater economic burden and worse health outcomes, resulting in alarming rates of death from COVID-19. Yet the government's relief measures to support individuals did not extend to millions of immigrants. This left many immigrants with the cruel choice to either stay home to protect themselves and their loved ones from the virus or go to work to support their families. Disregard for a large segment of the population is further complemented by strict immigration policies, harsher border restrictions, and public health guidelines that failed to account for the realities faced by immigrants. In this brief, we highlight the unequal toll of the COVID-19 pandemic on immigrants and consider social work response. We argue that the pandemic demands more of the social work profession, as the coronavirus crisis exposed more clearly the systemic inequalities toward immigrants and aggravates their vulnerabilities. Insofar as systems are unequal and racist in the context of coronavirus, there is a great need for social work response that is innovative, brave, and deeply connected to communities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

SUPPORT FOR DUAL-HABITATION BY LOCAL GOVERNMENTS: Based on the questionnaire targeting local governments that are members of promotion councils such as nationwide dual habitation

This study aims to grasp the situation of supports for dual-habitation by local governments. We conducted a questionnaire survey for local governments. As a result, many supports were about set up a consultation desk and utilization of subsidies. On the other hand, it was useful to set up a dedicated homepage, provide unoccupied house bank and places for employment and community exchange. In addition, we confirmed the growing interest due to the Covid-19 pandemic. It was found that support for dual-habitation requires not only support for the houses, but also the realization of new work styles and regional exchanges. © 2023 Architectural Institute of Japan. All rights reserved.

Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a large cohort of Ontario workers

IntroductionWork is a key determinant of COVID-19 outcomes, however occupational surveillance is a critical information gap in many countries, including Canada. Understanding the risk of SARS-CoV-2 by occupation can identify high risk groups that can be targeted for prevention strategies.Materials and MethodsThe cohort includes 1,205,847 former workers compensation (non-COVID-19) claimants (aged 15–65) linked to health databases in Ontario, Canada. Incident cases were defined as either having a confirmed positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test in the Ontario Laboratory Information System (OLIS), or an International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10-CA) diagnostic code of U07.1 in hospitalization or emergency department records (February 2020-December 2021). Workers were followed until diagnosis, death, emigration, age 65 or end of follow-up. Sex- and age-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazards ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) by occupation, compared to all other cohort members. Analyses were also conducted to examine occupational trends in testing and diagnosis during waves of infection.ResultsOverall, 80,740 COVID-19 cases were diagnosed among workers during follow-up, of those, 80% were diagnosed with a positive PCR test. Associations were identified between COVID-19 diagnosis and employment in nursing (HR=1.44, CI95%=1.40–1.49), air transport operating (HR=1.61, CI95%=1.47–1.77), textile/fur/leather products fabricating, assembling, and repairing (HR=1.38, CI95%=1.25–1.54), apparel and furnishing services (HR=1.38, CI95%=1.19–1.60), and janitor and cleaning services (HR=1.11, CI95%=1.06–1.16). Restricted analyses where health care workers were omitted from the comparison group strengthened some associations for other high-risk workers. Test positivity ranged between 4–16% across major occupation groups. Risks varied over time and with changes in protective measures in workplaces and in broader communities.ConclusionsElevated risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in health care, manufacturing, transportation, and service workers were identified, underscoring the importance of including occupational data in COVID-19 surveillance. Occupational trends in severe outcomes and vaccination are also being explored.

Intention to Migrate Due to COVID-19: a Study for El Salvador.

Economic and social conditions have deteriorated worldwide during the COVID-19 pandemic. Migration theory and international organizations indicate that these increasingly fragile social conditions represent powerful incentives to migrate. Normally, studies addressing international migration and COVID-19 focus on transit and destination countries, with substantially less literature centered on origin nations. Trying to close that gap, the present article aims to identify and quantify economic determinants that explain the intention of Salvadorians to migrate abroad. Using a probabilistic sample and a logistic model, a number of renowned economic variables for migration studies were used to investigate Salvadorian's intention to emigrate. Results demonstrated a stark reduction in migration intentions in 2020. Moreover, the risk of losing one's job is by far the most prominent factor explaining the intention to migrate. Other aspects, such as employment and salaries, also showed statistically significant values. Additionally, results report women being less likely to migrate and age to have a negligible effect. The text concludes by indicating some public initiatives that could be implemented to support people who choose to act upon their intentions and embark on emigration.

Migration, Borders, and Security Discourses in the time of COVID-19: The case of migration from Bangladesh to India

Migration has taken place throughout human history and continues to do so in the 21st century. In many recent instances, states that are destination of migration flows framed migration as a security issue, i.e. a threat to their citizens' livelihood, safety, and cultural identity. Discourses that securitize migration, thus criminalising immigrants, are not unique to the US and the EU, nor to South-North migration: they pertain to South-South migration as well. This article draws attention to a case of migration and border securitisation from the global South: the one concerning India-bound informal migration originating from Bangladesh. This, incidentally, is also the country of origin of large numbers of migrants that have made their way to Europe during the last decade. This article asks what are the consequences of a securitized approach in the framing and managing of borders and migration, and whether such consequences are worth or at all affordable to the countries involved in the securitisation. The article assesses the potential impact that securitized discourses have on Indo-Bangladeshi relations, as well as on the domestic politics of India and Bangladesh. It reviews the processes of the securitisation of the India-Bangladesh border and the criminalisation of the Bangladeshi migrants in India's contemporary domestic politics with reference to recent (2019-2021) events and current affairs.

Social and gender characteristics in the field of contagion of COVID-19 in a Mediterranean region

BACKGROUND // Knowledge of social and gender determinants, which influence the places where people are exposed to COVID-19, may be relevant in the development of preventive and control strategies. The aim of this paper was to determine the context in which COVID-19 cases were infected (household, work/labor, health, social-health, and social-leisure settings) according to country of origin, occupational social class and gender, which is essential in order to designing public health strategies. METHODS // A cross-sectional study of an epidemiological registry of 56,628 COVID-19 incident cases was made, whose exposure/ contagion setting was studied according to the previous variables from June 15 to December 23, 2020, in the Region of Murcia (Spain). An exact Fisher test was used to study the distribution of COVID-19 cases based on the above variables. RESULTS //The cumulative incidence was higher in people from Africa (5,133.5 cases/100,000 inhabitants) and Latin America (11,351.1) than in non-immigrants (3,145.7). It was also higher in women (3,885.6) than in men (3,572.6). It is noteworthy, that 53.3% of the cases with employment were workers in industry or construction, artisans, agricultural workers, or elementary occupations. In contrast, during the second semester of 2020, 41.3% of the employed population in the Region of Murcia performed such jobs. The household was the main exposure setting (56.5% of cases with a known setting), followed by social-leisure (20.7%) and work/labor (18.2%). The labor settings were more important in immigrants from Africa (28.4%) and Latin America (35.7%) than in non-immigrants (12%), inversely to social-leisure settings. Labor context was more important in women (19.6%) than in men (16.5%) and in manual workers (44.1%) than in non-manual workers (26.6%). CONCLUSIONS // The context in which COVID-19 cases were infected is different according to social inequalities related to country of origin, gender and occupational social class.

Engendering Transnational Space: China as a High-capacity Diaspora State and Chinese Diasporic Populations

[...]Chinese diasporas are, in gross numbers, among the largest and geographically most widespread in the world. The focus on the dynamic relationship between the Chinese state and Chinese diasporas also fills a gap in the recent "China rising" literature, which has been preoccupied with the Chinese state's role in building soft power or "infiltrating" foreign countries and populations (Hamilton and Joske 2018). By exploring various local approaches to mobilising Chinese overseas within the area of legal affairs and public administration, investment, e-governance, public diplomacy, local urban restructuring, and Covid-19 responses, Martina Bofulin argues that diaspora policy implementation at the local level is undertaken with a high degree of independence from the centre in Beijing. [...]the third contribution by Maggi W. H. Leung investigates the notions, politics, and practices of the caring Chinese transnational state emerging during the Covid-19 pandemic.

INFLOW AND OUTFLOW OF HUMAN RESOURCES: SPECIFIC CONDITIONS OF SOUTH EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Health and security crises could drastically influenece the balance of human resource supply and demand in national economies. Economies in the region of Southeastern Europe are strongly exposed to effects of the crises. Human resource managment in such periods for these countries must consider the effects of the crises on the flows of qualified people. Methododology of the study involves use of a mathematical model, providing precise quantitative analysis in the case of absence of drastic events. Effects of the emerging crisis are anticipated qualitatively based on the expected influence on the parameters of the model. In the present work balanced supply and demand model for human resources is proposed. The model was applied to the case of a specific numeric example for a group of occupations in Republic of North Macedonia connected with the qualifications provided by the vocational secondary education. Disbalance effects generated by security crisis are discussed consequently. Methods for coping with the effects of disbalance aiming at keeping the existing growth of job positions are also proposed.

Qiaoxiang 2.0: The People's Republic of China and Diaspora Governance at the Local Level

The article examines recent transformations in diaspora governance at the local level, particularly the new, more integrated approach towards emigrated Chinese developed in places with longstanding and strong emigration movements. These places, known as "hometowns of Overseas Chinese" or qiaoxiang, have been actively reaching out to their expatriates for decades, but the initiatives and strategies for reaching out have changed recently due to central government policies, increased return migration, and the widespread use of information and communications technologies. Based on the case study of Qingtian County in the eastern province of Zhejiang, the paper examines different ways in which local government is reaching out to its members abroad, focusing on activities in the area of legal affairs and public administration, investments, digital transformation, public diplomacy, local urban restructuring, and response to the Covid-19 pandemic. The findings reveal innovation and experimentation at the local level rather than the passive implementation of central policies, and point to the need for further unpacking of the role of the state in diaspora engagement.

The Effects of Migration in the Transmission Dynamics of COVID-19 in Kerala, India

Nowadays, the new narrative is the transformation of a zoonotic virus into an international predicament called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection which is affecting millions. In this pandemic situation, universal migration has had an adverse impact on the world healthcare scenario. As Kerala is a source destination for international migration and destination for internal and return migration, this paper aims to investigate the transmission dynamics of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Kerala in the light of migration. The study was conducted after creating a crowd-sourced dashboard on the details of the COVID-19 outbreak in Kerala which is available in the public domain (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3818096). The data of the COVID-19 situation in Kerala, which is crowdsourced, curated, and scientifically presented using the open data standards, formed the basis of this study. The study demonstrates that, even before community spread, return and internal migration has increased the spread of the infection in Kerala, particularly in the second phase of the disease outbreak. The largest number of COVID-19 positive cases in Kerala have been reported among migrants from the Middle East countries. The study shows an exponential growth in positive cases from July 2020, when flights continued to come in to Kerala with returning migrants. This study draws attention of the authorities and policy makers to the consequences of migration to healthcare systems, transit areas and destination areas in health emergencies.

Resources and vulnerabilities of migrant communities in Chile during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Objective To know, in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the psychosocial and socioeconomic vulnerabilities experienced by the international migrant population in Chile, as well as the resources and social capital reported from the community itself and its support networks, and to analyze the reception and implementation of the measures recommended by the health authorities in the different stages of the pandemic in the country. Methods Descriptive qualitative study. The information was collected through 40 semi-structured individual interviews with migrants (N=30) and key informants (N=10), carried out through online communication platforms during 2020. A thematic analysis of the material was carried out. The project was approved by the Scientific Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad del Desarrollo. Results The main vulnerabilities experienced by migrants in the context of the pandemic include overcrowding, job insecurity and economic needs, use of public transport, misinformation and beliefs about COVID-19, experiences of discrimination and xenophobia, lack of support networks, and migratory status. The main resources are support networks, the possibility of working remotely or going out to work, access to information, access to the assistance and municipal network, and government support and civil society. In addition, experiences of diagnosis of COVID-19 are reported, identifying difficulties in accessing PCR testing, and family and work adaptations such as changes in lifestyle habits inside and outside the home. Discussion The study provides relevant and unpublished information for the construction of health policies for international migrants with a focus on sanitary crises. It highlights the need to strengthen cross-cultural strategies for the prevention of infection and health promotion, and to improve access to health in the context of the pandemic and beyond, thereby mitigating the social vulnerability experienced by migrants and enhancing their coping resources. © 2022, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. All rights reserved.

Psychology, psychosocial processes and rural scenarios *

Emigration of rural Chilean youth to the cities has not provided an answer or a way out of poverty;on the contrary, this territorial uprooting is considered one of the main problems of increasingly depopulated and aging rural areas. [...]an alternative to address poverty in rural Chile has been to encourage the return of young people, understanding their leadership and work as a practice that stimulates local economies at the rural level (FUNASUPO, 2021). Since health and social crisis resulting from COVID 19 pandemic, it has been detected the beginning of a trend to return to rural areas by young people, sons and daughters, grandsons and granddaughters of rural-urban migrants. According to Fundación Superación de la Pobreza (2021), these returning decisions respond to individual choices of their protagonists and, in practice, they have little support from the governmental-social context, having to face a myriad of odds and obstacles. Latin American Psychology has rarely stopped to think about the specificities of rural areas, both in relation to the knowledge it generates and its professional practices. [...]findings of research and psychological work, in general, tend to be transferred uncritically from urban to rural contexts without a proper discussion of their scope and contextual relevance, which implies a naive assumption that human beings are identified with urban.